Using Project Finance to Fund Infrastructure Investments

USING PROJECT FINANCE TO FUND INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS Throughout most of the history of the industrialized world, much of the funding for large-scale public works such as the building of roads and canals has come from private sources of capital. It was only toward the end of the 19th century that public financing of large â€Å"infrastructure† projects began to dominate private finance, and this trend continued throughout most of the 20th century. Since the early 1980s, however, private-sector financing of large infrastructure investments has experienced a dramatic revival. And, in recent years, such private funding has increasingly taken the form of project finance. The principal features of such project financings have been the†¦show more content†¦This encouraged the formation of stand-alone power producers able to borrow large sums on the basis of the long-term power purchase agreements they had entered into with electric utilities. Since these projects do not directly involve a government or a government agency, they are somewhat beyond the scope of this article. So are projects in Australia, which have primarily been in extractive industries rather than in infrastructure. In the U.K. by contrast, the government has been directly involved in a growing number of infrastructure projects since it announced in 1992 the establishment of the Private Finance Initiative (PFI). The PFI is designed to involve the private sector in the financing and the management of infrastructure and other projects. Private finance has so far been used principally for transportation projects such as the  £320 million rail link to Heathrow airport, the  £2.7 billion Channel Tunnel Rail Link, a  £250 million scheme to build and maintain a new air traffic control center in Scotland, and projects worth more than  £500 million to design, build, finance, and operate (DBFO) trunk roads. But the potential scope of the PFI is wide. Over 1,000 potential PFI project s have been identified, and the government has signed contracts to build and maintain such diverseShow MoreRelatedBangalore Airport Road : Assessment Tasks1430 Words   |  6 Pages BBAC602 Business Cooperate Finance Bangalore Airport Road Assessment tasks: Questions: 1. In the context of this project discuss the difference between: †¢ The â€Å"Funding† mechanism of this project †¢ The â€Å"Financing† mechanism of this project (5 Marks) †¢ Develop a detailed NPV model in excel showing Cash Inflows, Cash Outflows and NPV of the project. What is the amount that you either expect to receive or are willing to payRead MoreThe Impact Of Public Private Sector On Public Infrastructure2097 Words   |  9 PagesEXECATIVE SUMMERY UK s infrastructure is majorly relies on private funding, more than 64% of the infrastructure is privately funded. We believe that involvement of private sector in public infrastructure plays vital role in delivering innovation, skills and investment to the society. As the demand and need of infrastructure is rising year by year looking toward that services should not delivered by public sector only but also from outside (joint ventures, private sector, employee-led mutual, socialRead MoreThe Importance Of Water Infrastructure Financing785 Words   |  4 PagesWater Infrastructure Financing Water and sewer utilities are faced with the task of ensuring water quality, addressing aging infrastructure and meeting with innovations in the industry. There is an urgent need for capital investment and infrastructure financing to address these issues. This requires hundreds of billions of dollars and the active participation of both the policy makers and other stakeholders. 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FINANCING STRUCTURE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 4. METHOD OF FINANCING A PROJECT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 5. CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 6. REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8Read MoreProject Finance Assignment2466 Words   |  10 Pagescharacteristics of project finance Project finance is a form of long term financing of infrastructure and industrial projects based upon the projected cash flows of the project rather than the balance sheets of the project sponsors. In most cases, a project financing structure involves a number of equity investors, the sponsors, as well as a group of banks or other lending institutions that provide loans to the operation. The loans are usually non-recourse loans, which are secured by the project assets andRead MoreThe World Bank : An International Financial Institution Essay1471 Words   |  6 PagesDevelopment (IBRD) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). These are referred to as the Bretton woods sisters or twins. The IMF was established to smoothen global trade by reducing foreign exchange restrictions and help countries resolve their balance of payment crisis using the funds at the IMF’s disposal .The IBRD focused on lending money to governments for long term economic development by building roads , railway lines, dams and other infrastructure . The IBRD was almost instantly referred to

The Biggest Myth About Persuasive Essay Topics for High School Exposed

The Biggest Myth About Persuasive Essay Topics for High School Exposed Finding the Best Persuasive Essay Topics for High School Getting admission into your treasured high school may be the desire of your heart. Year round school isn't a good idea. The sample high school admission essays we've got on our page can be useful to you or your buddies. Imagine your school does not own a school newspaper. Many students take plenty of time contemplating on the proper topic they'd pick for their essay writing. It's important to understand that essay topics are just basic ideas that leave you pondering a notion that might be a huge deal to somebody else. In an issue of speaking, picking out persuasive essay topics is similar to telling yourself what you need to convey to the rest of the planet. In spite of the fact there are many high school essay topics one would choose, it might take her or him a very long time due to uncertainty. If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report o n Persuasive Essay Topics for High School Schools should eliminate class projects since they are useless. Every American should learn how to speak English. Students need more practical subjects to learn the way to use various things. High school students have to compose essays on a number of topics which at first may appear to have nothing in common. Things You Should Know About Persuasive Essay Topics for High School Think of one thing you're expected to learn in school that you don't think ought to be included in the curriculum. School tests aren't effective. Students ought to be permitted to pray in school. After graduating, some students start to search for a job rather than going into the university. You just need to earn a collection of the proper topic you would desire. It isn't too tough to grasp a superior theme as you imagine it. You have to have an objective to make it simpler to select your topic. Since you may see, locating a suitable topic is not quite as simple as it might appear. You may write pretty much any topic you desire. Selecting a topic is a critical issue that partly estimates final success of the job. The name of a persuasive essay states it all, you must persuade the readers your opinion is appropriate. Thanks to the correct option of presentation style and a thorough understanding of the goals you wish to attain in your essay, there are many categories essay themes may be broken into. Persuasive essays are a really good approach to encourage the reader to check at a particular topic in a different light. A persuasive essay is a powerful tool when you want to supply a new vision of a specific topic for the reader. Some schools in the USA are requiring that students volunteer for a number of hours each semester to aid on a community issue. Think of one school rule that you truly disl ike. On our site you will discover a lot more useful one of a kind information that will certainly be helpful for junior and higher school kids from, like common home task essay about Hamlet, in addition to, for instance, application essays for college for future students. Generally, students find it complicated to select a suitable topic. The One Thing to Do for Persuasive Essay Topics for High School All essays will have a certain topic that's either one you choose or one which is provided for you. First and foremost it's vital to make sure you comprehend the essay question fully and your essay answers each part of the question adequately. There are many intriguing topics that could be become a persuasive essay if you take the opportunity to think about doing it. The 2nd necessary issue is a comprehensive guide on the best way to compose a persuasive essay, and we're prepared to assist you with the latter. Good persuasive essay topics need to be persuasive. If you're thinking about how to compose a persuasive essay, you have to know that writing an essay is a complicated process. Persuasive essay isn't a place to be insecure. All persuasive essays are like argumentative essays. The Key to Successful Persuasive Essay Topics for High School The same as an argumentative essay, a persuasive paper demands an adequate degree of expertise and knowledge of a particular field. As a way to express your thoughts properly, you will need to believe logically using full information given in the area. Ultimately, if you are supposed to write and essay but have very little knowledge or interest in the topic, don't forget there are lots of custom essay writers which will gladly do the task for you. If anything else fails, you can rely on professional persuasive essay writing services readily available online. The New Angle On Persuasive Essay Topics for High School Just Released Persuasive wr iting is composing a report or an essay that includes the objective opinion of an individual specifically the author. A persuasive essay provides an effective tool to assist all high-school students learn how to support their statements. The thesis statement is the center of the essay so you ought to pay some excess attention to it. Explain the objective of the paper and the way you intend to deal with the topic. Even in the event that you know the topic well, you might still must find some excess info to cover it completely. How To Choose Your Topics If you're tasked to create your very own persuasive writing topics and you will need to write about it, then it can be very difficult particularly if you aren't inclined to writing. Most Common Persuasive Writing Topics There are lots of different persuasive writing topics which were composed before.

Science of Consumer Behaviour Healthy Items

Question: Write about theScience of Consumer Behaviour for Healthy Items. Answer: According to the research article, Healthy-Left, Unhealthy-Right: Can Displaying Healthy Items to the Left (versus Right) of Unhealthy Items Nudge Healthier Choices? by Romero and Biswas (2016) aims to demonstrate that the healthier items on the left are highly preferable by the customers. The data was collected after conducting seven studies in which different variables such as display positions, lateral display, organization of items, left-side bias effects, gaze starting point and consumption volume are assessed. The results indicate that there is greater preference for healthy items than unhealthy items on the menu. Further, there is higher preference for healthy items when it was on the left side. Romero and Biswas (2016) found that healthy option is mentally represented to the left of unhealthy option. The study indicates that alphabetical order of the menu does not affect customer preferences. The customers have high preference for unhealthy items when they are placed on the left side. Further, it was found that customers prefer healthy item if the display image was placed on left side of the screen. However, the results indicate that customer preference was unaffected if unhealthy item was placed on left versus at the centre. The healthy beverages had higher consumption when placed on the left. The above results can be applied to McDonalds as it offers a range of healthy and unhealthy food choices. It is recommended that they must redesign the menu and have a combination of healthy and neutral food choices. Graphic images of food items that have low calorie can be used on the left side. The fried items such as French fries and other food offering with higher calorie such as Cheesy Grilled Chicken can be put to the centre or on the right side of the healthy food range. The healthy beverage like smoothies, fruit juice on the left rather than the right. Instead, the sweetened beverages and dessert must be put on the right side of the menu. McDonalds offers a range of desserts in which the low calorie dessert such as fruit n yogurt parfait on the left side of the dessert section. Lastly, the food items can be named using phrases like Fresh, Healthy, and Nutritional as it would impact sales. References Johns, N., Edwards, J., Hartwell, H. (2013). Menu Choice: Satisfaction or Overload?.Journal Of Culinary Science Technology,11(3), 275-285. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15428052.2013.798564 Liu, P., Wisdom, J., Roberto, C., Liu, L., Ubel, P. (2013). Using Behavioral Economics to Design More Effective Food Policies to Address Obesity.Applied Economic Perspectives And Policy,36(1), 6-24. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppt027 Romero, M., Biswas, D. (2016). Healthy-Left, Unhealthy-Right: Can Displaying Healthy Items to the Left (versus Right) of Unhealthy Items Nudge Healthier Choices?.Journal Of Consumer Research,43(1), 103-112. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucw008 Thomas, E. (2015). Food for thought: obstacles to menu labelling in restaurants and cafeterias.Public Health Nutrition,19(12), 2185-2189. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980015002256

The World of Documentaries Touching the Void and Bigger, Stronger, Faster

Introduction In the movie-making industry, there are a number of powerful works which deserve viewers’ attention and recognition. In spite of the fact that the vast majority of modern people are fond of exiting 3D ideas, the importance of documentary movies is regarded to be noticeable as well. With the help of documentaries, people get an opportunity to learn more about the events which happen around, the ways of people communicate, and strategies they prefer to rely on. â€Å"Documentary film is a form of reporting about the world† (Rollyson 2004, 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The World of Documentaries: Touching the Void and Bigger, Stronger, Faster specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The list of powerful documentary movies is large indeed, and it is not always easy to pick out the most successful movies for the analysis. In this paper, the attention to two documentary films will be paid: Bigg er, Stronger, Faster by Christopher Bell and Touching the Void by Kevin MacDonald. Though these two works touch upon different aspects of life, Bell discusses the idea of using steroids in everyday life as an outcome of imitation of Schwarzenegger or Stallone, and MacDonald addresses the idea of alpinism as a powerful method to check people’s trust to each other. By means of such documentary techniques likes interviews, exposition, voice-over, or reconstructions, the directors evaluate the conditions under which people have to live, the decisions which people have to make, and actions which need to be taken to save lives. In Bigger, Stronger, Faster and Touching the Void, the main idea of messages is connected to the way of how people prefer to live and make crucial decisions; these movies aim not only at teaching the viewer but also at explaining the reasons of why the discussed themes are worth recognition and attention. Documentaries as an open door to factual effects The peculiar feature of a documentary movie is its purpose. â€Å"It is intended to achieve something in addition to entertaining audiences and making money† (Ellis and McLane 2005, 4). The production of a documentary movie requires much time and specific efforts from different people: a director has to underline as many perspectives to discuss an issue as possible: a producer has to develop proper relations with different people to gain better results in the movie; the actors, as a rule, they are real people with real names and histories, should consider their roles as the ones based on real-life events, so that their emotions and feelings have to correspond to the already established tempo of life. The works created by Christopher Bell and Kevin MacDonald are the successful examples of documentaries where people get a chance to see the obsession of a man to gain something that is usually unnecessary or even harmful and to be punished for inability to control personal demands an d wishes.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reviews of the movies about human weaknesses â€Å"All of you have lied! All of you have said something wrong, all of you have dirt. All of you. When your closet’s clean, then come clean somebody else’s. But clean yours first† (Bell 2008). This is one of the most memorable quotes in the movie Bigger, Stronger, Faster. It is all about human nature and people’s decision to use steroids to improve their lives. This movie discusses human weaknesses before an idea to become better and stronger. People do not want to focus on some morals, ethical aspects of their behaviour, and true attitudes to their roles and functions. In the movie, the authors raise a number of questions concerning why people want to use steroids and how their fail to use consistent steps. It is hard to define true intentions of people. â€Å"Ev erybody tries to be bigger, faster, stronger and what you lose in trying to accomplish that is natural ability† (Wexell 2004, 72). As for the second movie, Touching the Void is more about human weakness to extreme sports and situations when it is possible to check the worth of human life. Capabilities of human body and human mind are hard to evaluate, this is why it is necessary to cast all possible distractions away and concentrate on the things which really matter: life and death. It is difficult to make a decision when it is about human life, however, it is necessary to do something in order to achieve the results and to meet personal demands. In the movie, Simon Yates admits that â€Å"rather than just sit here, feeling sorry for myself or whatever, I’ll get on with it and I’ll die on the way down† (MacDonald 2003). Different outcomes of the same documentary techniques in the movies Nowadays, the directors of documentaries prefer to use different techn iques within one movie in order to underline the most significant moments and make the viewer focus his/her attention on a particular detail. One of the significant differences between the movies Touching the Void and Bigger, Stronger, Faster is that the director of the former makes use of both, dramatic aspects and documentary techniques. In Touching the Void, much attention is paid to reconstructions. The vast majority of scenes in the movie are based on real events which happen to Joe Simpson and Simon Yates, the two men who made a decision to climb the Peruvian Andes in the shortest period of time. The director makes an attempt to combine the movie with some pieces of interviews with real Joe and Simon who are â€Å"filmed as footage for inclusion in the edited documentary† (Friedmann 2006, 143). With the help of this documentary technique, the movie is regarded as an educative source of information, full of emotions, pain, and respect.Advertising We will write a cus tom essay sample on The World of Documentaries: Touching the Void and Bigger, Stronger, Faster specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Interviews with the main characters introduce a true picture of the events which happen with people climbing the dangerous mountain. On the one hand, the movie characters perform their roles on a high level: they demonstrate appropriate emotions and desire at the beginning of the movie. They have a hope; they have a plan; and they trust each other. They cannot guess what is waiting for them. And real interviews serve as a kind of warning sign for the viewer. In comparison to the movie by MacDonald, the techniques used by Bell in his movie have the other contributions and effects. Interviews with people aim not at demonstrating their emotions and attitude to the issue. These interviews perform the function of informative sources. They do not cause some emotions from the viewer; they just prove the truth that p eople support an idea of steroids’ usage and they believe the chosen methods have appropriate outcomes. To underline the idea of information gathering, the director also makes use of another technique that is voiceover narration when it is possible to hear what a character speak but cannot see him (Yahnke 2009). Another powerful technique, the exposition, is used in both movies as well. However, the effects it may have on the viewer seem to be rather different. The essence of the exposition in documentaries is to introduce the most important aspects of a movie and create the first impression on the viewer. In case with Bigger, Stronger, Faster, the voice behind the camera demonstrate his passion to big men, their unbelievable power, their impact on human life and the American culture. Loud and hard background music, attention to the political perspective, and quotations from the famous events and movies make the viewer realize that this documentary is about the issue is inter esting for many people. The purpose of this documentary technique is perfectly achieved by the director: he attracts attention and proves the urgency of the topic discussed. In Touching the Void, the exposition is introduced in the calmer tone: a young man informs the audience about the story discussed in the movie. â€Å"It was fun†, he admits (MacDonald 2003). The exposition of this movie helps to prepare the viewer for a story that is full of emotions, true human emotions which are based on person’s desire to climb the world. However, as one wrong action takes place, fun disappears and something terrible begins. The events which happen in the story change the lives of two good friends which have to face a number of challenges and to survive.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Themes and messages of the movies The importance of documentary techniques in Bigger, Stronger, Faster and Touching the Void is evident indeed. Someone may think that it is not easy to create a movie about real life and use real people as the main actors. However, the use of techniques makes each movie special and worthwhile. With the help of interviews and clear exposition, MacDonald proves that his movie is a real collection of emotions and feelings which are inherent to everyday life. Conquests which people try to demonstrate may lead to unpredictable outcomes and influence the rest of the life considerably. The themes in the movie Bigger, Stronger, Faster are disclosed by the same techniques, however, the message of the movie varies deeply. People have the right to choose. But still, their choices are not always correct; unfortunately, they cannot understand why something goes wrong. The use of steroids is one of the most controversial topics nowadays, and people are free to use as many supportive arguments as well as opposing ideas. It is necessary to understand how harmful steroids can be for human health, and the movie helps to comprehend the outcomes of drugs’ use. There is no concrete answer whether it is wrong or right; there is a free choice for people to make and rely on personal abilities, demands, and interests. Conclusion The role of documentary movies is significant for our society. Under the masks of numerous tricks, computer technologies, and improved shots, it is hard to define a true nature of the film message. Documentaries like Bigger, Stronger, Faster and Touching the Void prove that it is possible to create amazing movies and not to rely on computer techniques. The variety of documentary techniques helps to introduce magnificent educative stories: expositions prove that the chosen movie is worth attention; interviews, both direct and indirect, explain that everything that is described in the movie happens in real; footage and rec onstructions help to see how the event from the past happened and to understand why the event influence the life. There are no clear instructions on how documentaries should be evaluated by the viewer. However, there is one truth that documentaries help to see and analyze the same life, conditions, and events from another perspective, deeper and more coherent. Bibliography Bell, Christopher. Bigger, Stronger, Faster. Directed by Christopher Bell. Columbus: BSF Film, 2008. Ellis, Jack and McLane, Betsy. 2005. A New History of Documentary Film. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc. Friedmann, Anthony. 2006. Writing for Visual Media. Burlington, MA: Focal Press. Rollyson, Carl. 2004. Documentary Film: A Primer. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse. Touching the Void. Movie. Directed by Kevin MacDonald. London: Darlow Smithson Productions, 2003. Wexell, Jim. 2004. Tales from Behind the Steel Curtain. Champaign, IL: Sports Publishing LLC. Yahnke, Robert. 2009. A Primer of Documen tary Film Techniques. Resources for Teaching Film, September. Web. This essay on The World of Documentaries: Touching the Void and Bigger, Stronger, Faster was written and submitted by user Evie Alexander to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.